일치와 화법(Agreement & Narration)
1. 수의 일치
① The poet and statesman is dead.
The poet and the statesman are dead.
②부정사 + and + 부정사
every + 명사 + and + every + 명사 단수동사 사용.
each each
no no
단, 동명사 + and + 동명사는 복수동사 사용.
* Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
* Every policeman and official is on the alert.
③ many a + 단수명사 + 단수동사
many + 복수명사 + 복수동사.
* Many a soldier was killed at the field.
* Many boats have been wrecked.
④ a number of + 복수명사 + 복수동사.
the number of + 복수명사 + 단수동사.
a total of + 복수명사 + 단수동사.
* The number of patients is increasing.
* A number of patients are dying.
* A total of 300 Koreans lives in this country.
△a total of ～는 ‘총계, 합계’의 뜻으로 전체의 한 단위를 나타내
므로 단수동사를 쓴다.
⑤ 분수
most (대부분)
a lot, lots of + 복수보통명사 → 복수동사
half
the rest (나머지) of + 단수보통명사
part 물질,추상명사 → 단수동사
a large part
all
* Two-thirds of my books are novels.
* Most of his books are English novels.
* Half of the passengers were injured in the accident.
* A large part of the land is barren.
⑥ either A or B : A이거나 B가 ～이다. (양자택일)
neither A nor B : A도 B도 ～이 아니다. (양자부정)
not only A but also B = B as well as A
= A뿐만 아니라 B 역시 ～이다. ( B의 수와 인칭에 맞는 동사를 쓸 것)
* Either you or Tom has made the mistake.
* Neither of the answers you gave is satisfactory to us.
* Not only you but also he is interested in music.
= He as well as you is interested in music.
⑦ 복수명의 학과명인 mathematics, politics, physics, ethics,
gymnastics, phonetics 등은 모두 단수 취급하여 단수동사를 사용한다.
* Mathematics is a difficult subject.
⑧ 시간, 거리, 가격, 중량 등은 하나의 단일 개념으로 생각하면 단수동사
* There were ten people in line already when we arrived.
* Ten years is a long way to walk in a cold weather.
2. 시제의 일치 및 예외
①주절의 동사가 현재, 현재완료, 미래일땐 종속절에는 어느 시제나 사용
할 수 있으나,
주절의 동사가 현재 → 과거로 바뀌면 종속절의 동사는
현재, 미래 → 과거
현재완료, 과거 → 과거완료
현재형 조동사 → 과거형 조동사로 바뀜.
* He told me that he was going to write a letter.
* I went to his house that I might see him.
* She said that she would be all right by the next week.
②시제일치의 예외.
ⓐ 불변의 진리, 속담, 현재의 습관적 동작, 성질 → 현재시제.
ⓑ 과거의 동작이 현재에 계속 → 현재시제.
ⓒ 역사적 사실 → 항상 과거시제.
ⓓthan, as 등에 이어지는 구문; 주절동사의 시제와 관련이 있음.
ⓔ종속절의 must, ought to, should, had, better 등은 그대로 사용.
ⓕ종속절의 가정법 시제는 변하지 않음.
* He said that the earth is round.
* I told him that I go to church on Sundays.
* She was not aware that those woolen clothes always shrink in the wash.
* He told us that the roads are still under repair.
* He said that he had been ill.
* He said that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
* He did it far better than you will do it.
3. 화법 - 평서문의 전달.
ⓐ전달동사: say → say, say to → tell.
ⓑ인용부호안의 피전달문은 that- 절로 바꿀 것.
ⓒ피전달문의 1인칭(I, my, me)은 전달동사의 주어와 일치.
ⓓ피전달문의 2인칭(you, your)은 수화자 (say to + 사람)에 일치.
ⓔ전달동사가 과거시제이면 피전달문의 동사는 시제일치법칙에 준함.
* He said, "You are kind to my brother."
= He said that I was kind to his brother.
* He said to me "I have once seen you"
= He told me that he had once seen me.
◇부사, 지시대명사의 변화
here → there, come → go, now → before, this → that,
these → those, tomorrow → the next(following) day,
yesterday → the day before (the previous day)
last night → the night before (the previous night)
next week → the next week (the following week)
4. 의문문의 전달
ⓐ 전달동사 say는 ask 또는 inquire of.
ⓑ 의문사 when, where, why, who, what 등이 있는 의문문은
ⓒ 의문사 + 주어 + 동사의 어순 (간접의문문으로 명사절)
ⓓ 의문사가 없는 의문문은 if(whether) + 주어 + 동사 → 명사절.
* He said to me "Who is he?" = He asked me who he was.
* He said to me "Are you fond of this music?"
= He asked me if(whether) I was fond of that music.
◇예외: 간접화법에서 의문사 + 주어 + 동사의 어순이 원칙이지만 주어부
분이 긴 경우는 의문사 + 주어의 어순이 된다.
◇부탁, 권유를 나타내는 의문문은 형태는 비록 의문문이나 부탁, 권유를
나타내는 명령문의 내용이므로 ask(beg) + 목적어 + to do의 형태.
* He said tome "Which is the shortest way to the station?"
= He asked me which was the shortest way to the station.
* He said to me "Could you give me a lift?"
= He asked (begged) me to give him a lift.
5. 명령문의 전달
◇전달동사 say to ⇒
ⓐ일반적 명령문; tell + 목적어 + to do.
ⓑ상관이 부하에게; order(command) + 목적어 + to do.
ⓒ의사가 환자에게 충고; advice + 목적어 + to do.
ⓓ부탁, 의뢰의 명령문,의문문; ask(beg) + 목적어 + to do.
ⓔ제안,제의; propose, suggest + that + 주어 + should to do.
* He said to me, "Open the window." = He told me to open the window.
* He said to me, "Don't come in till you are called."
= He told me not to come in till I was called.
= He forbade me to come in till I was called.
* The officer said to his men, "Stay where you are."
= The officer commanded (or order) his men to stay where they were.
* He said to me, "You had better work harder."
= He advised me to work harder.
* He said to me, "Let's go to the park."
= He suggested (or proposed) (to me) that we should go to the park.
= He proposed to go to the park.
6. 감탄문의 전달
ⓐ 전달동사 say → exclaim, shout, cry(out), remark로...
ⓑ기쁜내용, Hurrah, Bravo 등의 감탄사 → with delight, with joy,
with pleasure등의 부사구를 전달동사 다음에 첨가.
ⓒ슬픈내용, Alas 등의 감탄사 - with regret, with a sigh, in sorrow 등의
부사구 사용. (감탄문을 그대로 사용하거나 very를 사용, 평서문으로
고쳐서 간접화법으로 고친 것.)
* He said "What a beautiful sight it is!"
= He exclaimed (cried out) what a beautiful sight it is!
= He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sight.
* He said, "Oh, my friend has come!"
= He cried out with joy that his friend had come.
7. 기원문의 전달
ⓐ피전달문에 God이 있을 때 → pray that God may～
ⓑ사람에 대한 소망 → express one's wish that + 주 + may～
* She said "God save my son!" = She prayed that God might save her son.
* He said to he "May you have a happy life!"
= He expressed his wish that she might have a happy life.
8. 중문과 복문의 전달
ⓐ피전달문이 and, but 으로 연결된 중문일 때 and와 but다음에 접속사 that을 쓸 것.
ⓑ피전달문이 for, because, as, since, so 등의 접속사로 연결되었을 때
에는 접속사 다음에 따로 that을 쓸 필요가 없음.
ⓒ명령문 + 의문문 → tell + 목 + to do, and ask ～
* He said "The sun has set, and the stars are out."
= He said (that) the sun had set, and that the stars were out.
* He said to me "Listen! Can you hear someone talking?"
= He told me to listen, and asked if I could hear someone talking.
9. 묘출화법
◇등장인물의 생각이나 심리를 생생하게 표현)과 생략문의 간접화법.
ⓐ문장의 어순, 구둣점 - 직접화법에 준함.
ⓑ인칭과 시제 - 간접화법과 같음.
* He said to me "Will you go to the movies?" 직접화법
= He asked me if I would go to the movies. 간접화법
= He asked me would I go to the movies. 묘출화법
* He said "Yes"
= He agreed. = He answered in the affirmative. (긍정적으로)
* He said "No" = He answered in the negative. (부정적으로)
* He said "Good morning" = He wished me a good morning.
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